What Was Family Life Like in Colonial South Carolina

History of the colonial period of South Carolina

The history of the colonial period of Due south Carolina focuses on the English colonization that created i of the original Thirteen Colonies. Major settlement began afterwards 1651 equally the northern half of the British colony of Carolina attracted frontiersmen from Pennsylvania and Virginia, while the southern parts were populated by wealthy English people who set upwardly large plantations dependent on slave labor, for the cultivation of cotton, rice, and indigo.

The colony was separated into the Province of South Carolina and the Province of North Carolina in 1712. Southward Carolina's capital city of Charleston became a major port for traffic on the Atlantic Ocean, and South Carolina developed indigo, rice and Sea Isle cotton as commodity crop exports, making it i of the well-nigh prosperous of the colonies. A strong colonial government fought wars with the local Indians, and with Spanish imperial outposts in Florida, while fending off the threat of pirates. Birth rates were high, food was abundant, and these offset the disease surround of malaria to produce rapid population growth among whites. With the expansion of plantation agriculture, the colony imported numerous African slaves, who comprised a majority of the population by 1708. They were integral to its development.

The colony developed a system of laws and cocky-authorities and a growing commitment to Republicanism, which patriots feared was threatened by the British Empire after 1765. At the same time, men with close commercial and political ties to Dandy Uk tended to be Loyalists when the revolution broke out. South Carolina joined the American Revolution in 1775, but was bitterly divided betwixt Patriots and Loyalists. The British invaded in 1780 and captured most of the land, only were finally driven out.

The Carolina Colony grants of 1663 and 1665

Overview [edit]

The commencement European contact with the Carolinas was an expedition led past Pedro de Salazar from Santo Domingo which arrived between northern Georgia and Greatcoat Fear between August 1514 and December 1516. It enslaved 500 Native Americans. Most died on the render trip to Santo Domingo. The residue were divided among investors in the expedition and crew, and died presently after arriving.^{[one] [2] [3]} The adjacent contact was a 1521 trip led by Pedro de Quejo and Francisco Gordillo, which enslaved sixty Native Americans in Winyah Bay.^{[2] [3]} De Quejo returned in 1525 and explored from Amelia Island, Florida to Chesapeake Bay, Maryland.^{[ii] [3]} He captured more Native Americans to employ as interpreters, and his findings and identify names were published on a 1526 map by Juan Vespucci.^[ii] In 1526 Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón returned to Winyah Bay to plant a colony, merely after a month moved to San Miguel de Gualdape in what is now Georgia;^[2] Spanish coins, beads and a bullet accept been establish about the Georgia settlement.^[3]

In April 1540, the trek of Hernando de Soto reached South Carolina before venturing onward to modern-day N Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. In that location the expedition recorded beingness received by a female chief (Cofitachequi), who gave her tribe'south pearls, nutrient and other appurtenances to the Spanish soldiers. The expedition found no gold every bit intended, however, other than pieces from an earlier coastal trek (presumably that of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón.)

The French settled Charlesfort on Port Majestic Audio in 1562–3, and briefly in 1576. The Spanish settled information technology as Santa Elena in 1566–87.^[four]

In 1629, Charles I of England granted his attorney general a lease to everything between latitudes 36 and 31. Afterward, in 1663, Charles Ii of England granted the state to eight Lords Proprietors in render for their fiscal and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660.^[5] Anthony Ashley Cooper, afterwards the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury emerged as the leader of the Lords Proprietors, and John Locke became his assistant and main planner. The 2 men were chiefly responsible for developing the Thou Model for the Province of Carolina, which included the Cardinal Constitutions of Carolina.^[6]

The newly created province was intended in part to serve as an English language barrier to contest lands claimed by Castilian Florida.^{[7] [8]} In that location was a single government of the Carolinas based in Charleston until 1712, when a separate government (under the Lords Proprietors) was set for N Carolina. In 1719, the Crown purchased the South Carolina colony from the absentee Lords Proprietors and appointed Purple Governors. By 1729, seven of the eight Lords Proprietors had sold their interests back to the Crown; the separate royal colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina were established.^[ix]

Throughout the Colonial Menstruation, the Carolinas participated in numerous wars with the Castilian and the Native Americans, particularly the Yamasee, Apalachee, and Cherokee. During the Yamasee War of 1715–1717, South Carolina faced about annihilation due to Native American attacks. An indigenous brotherhood had formed to try to push the colonists out, in part equally a reaction to their trade in Native American slaves for the well-nigh 50 years since 1670. The effects of the slave merchandise affected tribes throughout the Southeast. Estimates are that Carolinians exported 24,000-51,000 Native American slaves to markets from Boston to Barbados.^[10]

The emerging planter class used the revenues to finance the purchase of enslaved Africans and financing of indentured servants. So many Africans were imported that they comprised a majority of the population in the colony from 1708 through the American Revolution. Living and working together on big plantations, they developed what is known every bit the Gullah civilisation and creole language, maintaining many west African traditions of various cultures, while adapting to the new surroundings.

The Black population of the Lowcountry was dominated by wealthy planters of English descent and indentured servants from southern and western England. The interior Carolina upcountry was settled later on, largely in the 18th century past Ulster Scots immigrants arriving via Pennsylvania and Virginia, German Calvinists, French Huguenot refugees in the Piedmont and foothills equally well as past working course English indentured servants who moved inland after completing their terms of service working on coastal plantations. Toward the terminate of the Colonial Catamenia, the upcountry people were underrepresented politically and felt they were mistreated by the planter elite. In reaction, many took a Loyalist position when the Lowcountry planters complained of the new taxes, an issue that later on contributed to the colony's support of the American Revolution.

In Northward Carolina a short-lived colony was established near the mouth of the Cape Fearfulness River. A transport was sent southward to explore the Port Royal, S Carolina area, where the French had established the short-lived Charlesfort post and the Spanish had built Santa Elena, the capital of Spanish Florida from 1566 to 1587, until information technology was abandoned. Captain Robert Sanford made a visit with the friendly Edisto Indians. When the transport departed to return to Cape Fear, Dr. Henry Woodward stayed backside to study the interior and native Indians.

In Bermuda, Colonel William Sayle, an 80-yr-old Puritan Bermudian colonist, was named governor of Carolina. On March 15, 1670, nether Sayle (who sailed on a Bermuda sloop with a number of Bermudian families), they finally reached Port Royal. According to the account of one passenger, the Indians were friendly, fabricated signs toward where they should land, and spoke broken Spanish. Spain however considered Carolina to exist its state; the main Spanish base, St. Augustine, was not far away. The Castilian missionary provinces of Guale and Mocama occupied the coast s of the Savannah River and Port Imperial.

Although the Edisto Indians were not happy to have the English settle permanently, the chief of the Kiawah Indians, who lived farther due north along the coast, arrived to invite the English to settle among his people and protect them from the Westo tribe, slave-raiding allies of Virginia. The sailors agreed and sailed for the region now called Due west Ashley. When they landed in early Apr at Albemarle Bespeak on the shores of the Ashley River, they founded Charles Boondocks, named in honor of their king. On May 23, Three Brothers arrived in Charles Boondocks Bay without xi or 12 passengers who had gone for h2o and supplies at St. Catherines Isle, and had come across Indians allied with the Spanish. Of the hundreds of people who had sailed from England or Barbados, only 148 people, including three African slaves, lived to arrive at Charles Town Landing.^[11]

Monarchs [edit]

Name Reign	Portrait	Artillery	Birth	Marriage(due south) Issue	Death	Claim
Charles II 1663 – 6 February 1685[12] Recognised by Royalists in 1649 (24 years, 253 days)			29 May 1630 (North.South. 8 June 1630) St James's Palace Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 No children	6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace Aged 54	Son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture / English Restoration)
James VII & II 6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688 (deposed) (three years, 321 days)			14 Oct 1633 (N.Southward. 24 October 1633) St James's Palace Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	(1) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 eight children (2) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 7 children	16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Aged 67	Son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture)
Mary Ii 13 Feb 1689 – 28 December 1694 (5 years, 318 days)			30 April 1662 (N.Southward. 10 May 1662) St James's Palace Daughter of James Two and Anne Hyde	St James'due south Palace 4 November 1677 No children	28 Dec 1694 Kensington Palace Aged 32	Girl and son-in-police force of James VII & Ii and Grandchildren of Charles I (offered the crown by Parliament)
William Three William of Orangish thirteen February 1689 – 8 March 1702 (13 years, 23 days)			4 Nov 1650 (Northward.S. 14 November 1650) The Hague Son of William II, Prince of Orangish and Mary, Princess Majestic[13]		8 March 1702 Kensington Palace Anile 51 afterward breaking his collarbone from falling off his horse
Anne 8 March 1702 – 1 May 1707[14] (5 years, 54 days) Queen of Great United kingdom and Ireland (from 1707)			vi February 1665 St James'south Palace Daughter of James II and Anne Hyde	George of Denmark St James'south Palace 28 July 1683 17 pregnancies no surviving children	ane August 1714 Kensington Palace Aged 49	Girl of James Ii (cognatic primogeniture / Bill of Rights 1689)
Anne ane May 1707 – 1 August 1714 (7 years, 92 days)			six February 1665 St James's Palace Girl of James II and Vii and Anne Hyde	George of Kingdom of denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 17 pregnancies no surviving children	one August 1714 Kensington Palace Aged 49	Girl of James Two and VII (cognatic primogeniture / Bill of Rights 1689)
George I George Louis 1 August 1714 – 11 June 1727 (12 years, 314 days)			28 May 1660 (Due north.S. 7 June 1660) Leineschloss Son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of Hanover	Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle 21 November 1682 ii children	11 June 1727 Osnabrück Aged 67	Great-grandson of James 6 and I (Act of Settlement / eldest son of Sophia of Hanover)	[xv]
George 2 George Augustus 11 June 1727 – 25 October 1760 (33 years, 136 days)			30 Oct 1683 (Due north.S. ix November 1683) Herrenhausen Son of George I and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle	Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 22 August 1705 8 children	25 October 1760 Kensington Palace Anile 76	Son of George I	[sixteen]
George III George William Frederick 25 Oct 1760 – July 4, 1776 (59 years, 96 days) Monarchy Abolished			4 June 1738 Norfolk House Son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha	Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz St James's Palace 8 September 1761 15 children	29 January 1820 Windsor Castle Aged 81	Grandson of George II	[17]

Proprietary rule [edit]

The Province of Carolina was founded in 1670 mainly by planters from the overpopulated English language sugar island of Barbados, who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island to found new plantations.^[18]

To meet agricultural labor needs, colonists likewise skilful Indian slavery for some fourth dimension. The Carolinians transformed the Indian slave merchandise during the tardily 17th and early 18th centuries by treating such slaves as a merchandise commodity to be exported, mainly to the West Indies. Historian Alan Gallay estimates that between 1670 and 1715, between 24,000 and 51,000 captive Native Americans were exported from South Carolina—much more than the number of Africans imported to the colonies of the future U.s. during the aforementioned period.^[19]

Proprietary rule was unpopular in South Carolina well-nigh from the showtime, mainly because propertied immigrants to the colony hoped to monopolize the Primal Constitutions of Carolina every bit a ground for government. Moreover, many Anglicans resented the Proprietors' guarantee of liberty of religion to Dissenters. In November 1719, Carolina elected James Moore as governor and sent a representative to ask the King to make Carolina a royal province with a regal governor. They wanted the Crown to grant the colony aid and security straight from the English government. Considering the Crown was interested in Carolina'due south exports and did not call back the Lords Proprietor were adequately protecting the colony, information technology agreed. Robert Johnson, the concluding proprietary governor, became the get-go royal governor.^[20]

Meanwhile, the colony of Carolina was slowly splitting in two. In the offset l years of the colony's existence, most settlement was focused on the region around Charleston, as the northern part of the colony had no deep water port. North Carolina'south earliest settlement region, the Albemarle Settlements, was colonized past Virginians and closely tied to Virginia. In 1712, the northern half of Carolina was granted its own governor and named "North Carolina". North Carolina remained under proprietary rule until 1729.

Because South Carolina was more populous and more commercially of import, most Europeans idea primarily of it, and non of North Carolina, when they referred to "Carolina". By the fourth dimension of the American Revolution, this colony was known as "South Carolina."

Frontier settlement [edit]

Governor Robert Johnson encouraged settlement in the western borderland to make Charles Town's shipping more assisting, and to create a buffer zone against attacks. The Carolinians bundled a fund to lure European Protestants. Each family unit would receive complimentary land based on the number of people that it brought over, including indentured servants and slaves. Every 100 families settling together would be declared a parish and given two representatives in the state assembly. Within x years, 8 townships formed, all along navigable streams. Charlestonians considered the towns created past the Huguenots, German Calvinists, Scots, Ulster-Scots Presbyterians, working class English laborers who were one-time indentured servants too as Welsh farmers, such as Orangeburg and Saxe-Gotha (after called Cayce), to be their first line of defense in case of an Indian attack, and military machine reserves against the threat of a slave uprising. Between 1729 and 1775, twenty-nine new towns were founded in S Carolina.^[21] They mostly settled in what are present-day Marion, Darlington, and Marlboro Counties along the banks of the Pee Dee River.^[22]

By the 1750s the Piedmont region attracted numerous frontier families from the north, using the Groovy Wagon Road. There were big numbers of Welsh farmers who moved to the region between 1737 and 1777. These were mainly religious migrants, they left Wales considering they were dissenting Calvinist Baptists who faced pressure dorsum home in Wales to catechumen to the Anglican faith.^[23]

Roughly fourscore% of all European settlers in colonial South Carolina were of English language origins, however many of them did not come directly from England but rather came to Carolina from Barbados.^[24]

Differences in religion, philosophy and background between the mostly subsistence farmers in the Upcountry and the slaveholding planters of the Low State bred distrust and hostility between the two regions. The Low Country planters traditionally had wealth, pedagogy and political ability. Past the time of the Revolution, however, the Upcountry independent almost half the white population of Due south Carolina, about 30,000 settlers. Nearly all of them were Dissenting Protestants. After the Revolution, the state legislature disestablished the Anglican Church building.^[25]

The main source of wealth during the tardily-colonial menstruum was the export of rice, deerskins and, past the 1760s, indigo. Sea Island cotton, produced on large plantations off the coast, was also highly profitable.

Cherokee Wars [edit]

Although Governor Francis Nicholson attempted to pacify the Cherokee with gifts, they had grown discontented with the arrangements. Sir Alexander Cuming negotiated with them to open some land for settlement in 1730. Considering Governor James Glen stepped in to bring peace between the Creek people and Cherokee, who were traditional enemies, the Cherokee rewarded him by granting South Carolina a few thousand acres of land near their major Lower Town of Keowee. In 1753, the Carolinians built Fort Prince George as a British outpost and trading center near the Keowee River. Two years later Old Hop, an of import Cherokee chief, made a treaty with Glen at Saluda Old Town, midway between Charles Town and Keowee. Old Hop gave the Carolinians the 96th District, a region that included parts of ten currently separate counties.

From 1755 to 1758, Cherokee warriors served every bit British allies in campaigns forth the Virginia and Pennsylvania borderland. Returning homeward, they were killed by Virginia frontiersmen. In 1759, the Cherokee avenged these killings and began attacking white settlers in the southern colonial Upcountry. South Carolina'south Governor William Henry Lyttelton raised an regular army of i,100 men and marched on the Lower Towns, which quickly agreed to peace. As part of the peace terms, two dozen Cherokee chiefs were imprisoned as hostages in Fort Prince George. Lyttelton returned to Charles Boondocks, but the Cherokee connected raiding the frontier. In Feb 1760, the Cherokee attacked Fort Prince George trying to rescue the hostages. In the battle, the fort'due south commander was killed. His replacement apace ordered the execution of the hostages, then fought off the Cherokee assault.^[26]

Unable to put down the rebellion, Governor Lyttelton appealed to Jeffrey Amherst, who sent Archibald Montgomery with an regular army of i,200 British regulars and Scots Highlanders. Montgomery's ground forces burned a few of the Cherokees' abandoned Lower Towns. When he tried to cross into the region of the Cherokee Middle Towns, he was ambushed and defeated at "Etchoe Pass" and forced to return to Charles Town. In 1761, the British made a third attempt to defeat the Cherokee. General Grant led an army of two,600 men, including Catawba scouts. The Cherokee fought at Etchoe Laissez passer merely failed to stop Grant'due south regular army. The British burned the Cherokee Heart Towns and fields of crops.^[27]

In September 1761, a number of Cherokee chiefs led by Attakullakulla petitioned for peace. The terms of the peace treaty, ended in Charleston that December, included the cession of lands forth the South Carolina frontier.^[28]

Settlement of Upcountry [edit]

After the Cherokee defeat and cession of land, new settlers from Ulster flooded into the Upcountry through the Waxhaws in what is now called Lancaster Canton. Lawlessness ensued and robbery, arson, and looting became common. Upcountry residents formed a grouping of "Regulators," vigilantes who took the law into their ain hands to control the criminals. Having acquired l% of the state's white population, simply just iii elected assemblymen in the Commons House of Assembly, the Upcountry sent representative Patrick Calhoun and other representatives before the Charles Town state legislature to appeal for representation, courts, roads, and supplies for churches and schools. Before long, Calhoun and Moses Kirkland were in the legislature every bit Upcountry representatives.^[29]

By 1770, the colony contained 124,000 people.^[thirty] It is unknown how many were European Americans, African Americans, or Native Americans. An estimated eighty,000 to 100,000 slaves escaped during the Revolutionary War or were taken by the British.^[31]

Lord William Campbell was the concluding English language Governor of the Province of Due south Carolina.

Religion [edit]

Numerous churches built bases in Charleston, and expanded into the rural areas. From the founding of Charleston onwards, the colony welcomed many dissimilar religious groups, including Jews and Quakers, but Catholics were prohibited from practicing until after the American Revolution.^[32] Baptists and Methodists increased in number speedily in the late 18th century every bit a result of the Groovy Awakening and its revivals, and their missionaries attracted many slaves with their inclusive congregations and recognition of blacks every bit preachers. The Scots-Irish in the Backcountry were Presbyterians, and the wealthy planters in the Low Country tended to exist English language Anglicans. The different churches recognized and supported each other, eventually edifice the colony into a pluralist and tolerant society.^[33] Despite official religious tolerance, tensions did exist between Anglican and 'Dissenter' factions throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

The highly successful preaching bout of evangelist George Whitefield in 1740 ignited a religious revival—chosen the First Great Awakening—which energized evangelical Protestants. They expanded their membership among the white farmers, and women were especially active in the pocket-size Methodist and Baptist^[34] churches that were springing up everywhere.^[35] The evangelicals worked difficult to catechumen the slaves to Christianity and were especially successful amid black women, who had played the role of religious specialists in Africa and again in America. Slave women exercised wide-ranging spiritual leadership amidst Africans in America in healing and medicine, church subject, and revival enthusiasm.^[36]

African slaves [edit]

Many of the rich planters came from Barbados and other islands in the Caribbean area, and brought seasoned African slaves from there. The planters duplicated elements of the Caribbean area economies, developing plantations for the tillage of export crops, such as Bounding main Island cotton, indigo, and particularly rice. The slaves came from many diverse cultures in W Africa, where they had developed an immunity to endemic malaria, which helped them survive in the Depression Country of South Carolina, where it often occurred. Peter Woods documents that "Negro slaves played a significant and often determinative part in the evolution of the colony."^[37] They were integral to the expansion of the rice culture, and were also of import in timber harvesting, as coopers, and in the production of naval stores. They were also active in the fur trade, and equally boatmen, fishermen and cattle herders.^[37]

By 1708, expansion of plantation agriculture had required continuing importation of slaves from Africa and they comprised a bulk of the population in the colony, a condition maintained after the colonial era.^[38] On the large rice and cotton plantations, where slaves were held in large numbers with few white overseers, they gradually developed what has become known equally the Gullah civilisation, which preserved numerous African customs and practices inside adaptations to the local surround, and they adult a creole language based on West African languages and English language.

Colonists tried to regulate the numerous slaves, including establishing clothes rules to maintain differences between the classes. Relations between colonists and slaves were a effect of continuing negotiation, with increasing tensions as slaves sought freedoms. In 1739, a group of slaves rose upwards in the Stono rebellion. Some of the leaders were from the Catholic kingdom of Kongo and appeared to be seasoned warriors; they introduced ritual practices from there and appeared to utilize military tactics they had learned in the Kongo.^[39] The site of the Stono Rebellion was designated as a National Celebrated Landmark in 1974, in recognition of the slaves' bid for liberty.^[37]

The comprehensive Negro Act of 1740 was passed in S Carolina, during Governor William Balderdash'south fourth dimension in office, in response to the Stono Rebellion in 1739.^[40] The act made it illegal for enslaved Africans to motility away, get together in groups, heighten nutrient, earn money, and larn to write (though reading was non proscribed). Additionally, owners were permitted to impale rebellious slaves if necessary.^[41] The Act remained in outcome until 1865.^[42]

Hurricanes [edit]

S Carolina was struck by 4 major hurricanes during the colonial period. Colonists became constantly aware of the threat these storms posed and their effects even on warfare.^[43]

The 1752 hurricane caused massive impairment to homes, businesses, shipping, outlying plantation buildings and the rice ingather; about 95 people died. Charles Town, the capital, was the fifth-largest city in British N America at the time. The storm was compact and powerful; the urban center and surrounding areas were saved from even greater destruction only considering the wind shifted some three hours before high tide. The devastation resulted in a series of political effects that together essentially weakened the human relationship between the royal governor and the local political elites in the Commons Firm Assembly: at that place was bickering between the diverse political authorities over money for rebuilding following the devastation of the colony's defenses, and the disruption caused a devastating financial crisis.

References [edit]

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2. ^ ^{a b c d east} Peck, Douglas T. (2001). "Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón's Doomed Colony of San Miguel de Gualdape". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 85 (ii): 183–198. ISSN 0016-8297. JSTOR 40584407.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Milanich, Jerald T. (2018). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville: Library Press at UF. ISBN978-1-947372-45-0. OCLC 1021804892.
4. ^ Hoffman, Paul Due east., 1943- (1990). A new Andalucia and a way to the Orient : the American Southeast during the sixteenth century. Billy Rouge: Louisiana Land University Press. ISBN0-8071-1552-five. OCLC 20594668. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ^ Danforth Prince (10 March 2011). Frommer's The Carolinas and Georgia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 11. ISBN978-one-118-03341-viii.
6. ^ Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapter 1.
7. ^ Peter Charles Hoffer (xiv December 2006). The Brave New Earth: A History of Early America . JHU Printing. p. 323. ISBN978-0-8018-8483-ii.
8. ^ Matricia Riles Dickman (2 March 1999). The Tree that Bends: Discourse, Ability, and the Survival of Maskoki People. Academy of Alabama Press. p. 179. ISBN978-0-8173-0966-4.
9. ^ Walter B. Edgar (1998). South Carolina: A History. Univ of S Carolina Press. ISBN9781570032554.
10. ^ Joseph Hall, "The Neat Indian Slave Caper", review of Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Ascension of the English language Empire in the American South, 1670-1717, Common-place, vol. three, no. 1 (October 2002), accessed five March 2017.
11. ^ Richard Waterhouse (2005). A New World Gentry: The Making of a Merchant and Planter Course in Due south Carolina, 1670-1770. The History Press. p. 27. ISBN9781596290402.
12. ^ "Oliver Cromwell (1649–1658 AD)". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2018-01-12 .
13. ^ "WILLIAM Iii - Archontology.org". Retrieved 25 October 2007.
14. ^ "Anne (England) - Archontology.org". Retrieved 25 October 2007.
15. ^ "George I". royal.gov.great britain . Retrieved 3 August 2010.
16. ^ "George II". royal.gov.great britain . Retrieved 3 Baronial 2010.
17. ^ "George Iii". royal.gov.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland . Retrieved 3 Baronial 2010.
18. ^ Forest, Origins of American Slavery (1997), pp. 64–65.
19. ^ Gallay, Alan. (2002) The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717. Yale University Press: New York. ISBN 0-300-10193-seven, pg. 299
20. ^ Alexia Jones Helsley; Lawrence S. Rowland (2005). Beaufort, Southward Carolina: A History. The History Press. p. 38. ISBN9781596290273.
21. ^ J.D. Lewis, "The Majestic Colony of South Carolina," accessed 5 March 2017.
22. ^ "The Majestic Colony of South Carolina - the Welsh Settlers".
23. ^ The Baptists of the Welsh Tract Settlement in the South Carolina Backcountry, 1737-1777 by Lloyd Johnson, 1988
24. ^ "South Carolina Emigration and Immigration".
25. ^ David Hackett Fischer (1991). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN9780199743698.
26. ^ Daniel J. Tortora (2015). Carolina in Crunch: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756-1763. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN9781469621227.
27. ^ Spencer C. Tucker (2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military machine History. ABC-CLIO. p. 157. ISBN9781851096039.
28. ^ John Oliphant (2001). Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Borderland, 1756-63. Louisiana State U.P. p. 243. ISBN9780807126370.
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32. ^ Walter Edgar, "South Carolina: A History." Columbia, University of South Carolina Press 1988, pp. 181-84.
33. ^ Charles H. Lippy, "Chastized by Scorpions: Christianity and Culture in Colonial South Carolina, 1669-1740," Church building History, vol. 79, no. ii (June 2010), pp. 253-seventy.
34. ^ J. Glen Clayton, "South Carolina Baptist Records," South Carolina Historical Mag, vol. 85, no. 4 (October 1984), pp. 319-27.
35. ^ David T. Morgan, Jr., "The Great Awakening in South Carolina, 1740-1775," South Atlantic Quarterly, (1971), pp. 595-606.
36. ^ Sylvia R. Frey and Betty Wood, Come Shouting to Zion: African American Protestantism in the American S and British Caribbean to 1830 (1998)
37. ^ ^{a b c} Benjamin Quarles, "Review: Peter H. Forest, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial Southward Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (1974)", Journal of Negro History, vol. 60, no. 2 (April 1975), pp. 332-34.
38. ^ Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (1996)
39. ^ John K. Thornton, "African Dimensions Of The Stono Rebellion," American Historical Review, vol. 96, no. 4 (Oct 1991), pp. 1101-13.
40. ^ Konadu, Kwasi (2010-05-12). The Akan Diaspora in the Americas. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199745388.
41. ^ "Slavery and the Making of America . Timeline | PBS". www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017-10-09 .
42. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (24 October 2017). "A sign on scrubland marks one of America'south largest slave uprisings. Is this how to call back black heroes?". Guardian The states . Retrieved 24 October 2017.
43. ^ Jonathan Mercantini, "The corking Carolina hurricane of 1752," South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 103, no. 4 (October 2002), pp. 351-65.

Bibliography [edit]

Surveys [edit]

• Edgar, Walter. South Carolina: A History, (1998) the standard scholarly history
• Edgar, Walter, ed. The Due south Carolina Encyclopedia, University of S Carolina Press, (2006), ISBN 1-57003-598-9, the most comprehensive scholarly guide
• Rogers Jr., George C. and C. James Taylor. A S Carolina Chronology, 1497-1992 2nd Ed. (1994)
• Wallace, David Duncan. South Carolina: A Short History, 1520-1948 (1951) standard scholarly history

Specialized [edit]

• Denise I. Bossy, Denise I. ed. The Yamasee Indians: From Florida to South Carolina (2018)
• Clarke, Erskine. Our Southern Zion: A History of Calvinism in the South Carolina Low Country, 1690-1990 (1996)
• Coclanis, Peter A., "Global Perspectives on the Early on Economic History of South Carolina," South Carolina Historical Magazine, 106 (Apr–July 2005), 130–46.
• Crane, Verner W. The Southern Frontier, 1670-1732 (1956)
• Edelson, Southward. Max. Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina (2007)
• Hewat, Alexander. An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia Vol.one and Vol.ii (London 1779)
• Higgins, West. Robert. "The geographical origins of Negro slaves in Colonial South Carolina." in The Slave Trade & Migration (Routledge, 2019) pp. 134–148.
• Huw, David. Trade, Politics, and Revolution: Due south Carolina and Britain's Atlantic Commerce, 1730–1790 (2018)
• Johnson Jr., George Lloyd. The Frontier in the Colonial Southward: South Carolina Backcountry, 1736-1800 (1997)
• LeMaster, Michelle, ed. Creating and Contesting Carolina. Proprietary Era Histories, (2013)
• Lewis, Kenneth E. The Carolina Backcountry Venture: Tradition, Capital, and Circumstance in the Development of Camden and the Wateree Valley, 1740–1810 (2017).
• McIlvenna, Noeleen. Early American Rebels: Pursuing Democracy from Maryland to Carolina, 1640–1700 (U of Due north Carolina Printing, 2020).
• Marini, Stephen A. The Cashaway Psalmody: Transatlantic Religion and Music in Colonial Carolina (U of Illinois Press, 2020).
• Nagl, Dominik. No Role of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts and Southward Carolina, 1630-1769 (2013)
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• Quintana, Ryan A. Making a Slave State: Political Evolution in Early Southward Carolina (U of Due north Carolina Printing, 2018) online review.
• Rogers, George C. Development of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston (1758-1812) (1962)
• Roper, L. H. Conceiving Carolina: Proprietors, Planters, and Plots, 1662-1729 (2004), ISBN 1-4039-6479-3.
• Rowland, Lawrence Due south., Alexander Moore, and George C. Rogers Jr. The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861 (U of S Carolina Press, 2020).
• Smith, Hayden R. Carolina's Golden Fields: Inland Rice Cultivation in the Southward Carolina Lowcountry, 1670–1860 (Cambridge UP, 2019).
• Smith, Warren B. White Servitude in Colonial S Carolina (1961)
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• Turner, Matti. "Baskets of rice: creolization and material culture from Westward Africa to Southward Carolina'south Lowcountry." African and Black Diaspora 12.3 (2019): 320–336.
• Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of Due north Carolina Press, 2016.
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_period_of_South_Carolina

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